USA Biology Olympiad (USABO) Practice Exam

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What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in respiration?

  1. Control of voluntary movements

  2. Regulation of heart rate

  3. Control of involuntary breathing

  4. Coordination of sensory information

The correct answer is: Control of involuntary breathing

The medulla oblongata plays a crucial role in the autonomic regulation of breathing. Its primary function in respiration is to control involuntary breathing by coordinating the rhythmic contraction of the respiratory muscles. This area of the brainstem receives sensory inputs regarding carbon dioxide levels in the blood and the body's need for oxygen, enabling it to make real-time adjustments to the breathing rate and depth. By regulating these involuntary muscle contractions, the medulla ensures that gas exchange occurs efficiently, maintaining homeostasis. While the medulla also influences other autonomic functions such as the regulation of heart rate and reflexive responses, its predominant role in respiration specifically centers around controlling involuntary breathing.

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